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VOL. 8, ISSUE 1 (2026)
Impact of agricultural pesticides on amphibian (frog & toad) populations
Authors
Deepak Tiwari
Abstract
Amphibians (frogs/toads) are one of the most endangered vertebrates in
the world and contamination with agricultural pesticides has been broadly cited
as a significant factor in the global demise of amphibians. The paper
summarizes experimental, field and meta-analytic findings on the effects of
agrochemicals, e.g. herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, on amphibian
survival, development, growth, immune functioning, and reproductive health at
various life stages. The most important mechanisms of action are direct acute
toxicity, sublethal physiological and behavioral effects including endocrine
imbalance, immunosuppression and perturbed growth and metamorphosis and
indirect effects which are mediated by habitat degradation and food-web
changes. The meta-analyses and numerous field studies all show that pesticides
exposure has negative impacts on amphibian survival, body status, and
population sustainability. Specific laboratory investigations go on to point at
certain issues that can be raised regarding commonly used chemicals like
atrazine, neonicotinoids, and some pyrethroid insecticides. The paper ends by recommending
management and conservation actions which focus on reducing off-target exposure
to pesticides by building buffer zones and more effective pesticide practices,
implementing an integrated pest management (IPM) approach, undertaking regular
monitoring of the population of amphibians in agricultural landscapes, and
prioritizing research into pesticide combinations and actual exposure
situations.
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Pages:1-8
How to cite this article:
Deepak Tiwari "Impact of agricultural pesticides on amphibian (frog & toad) populations". International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Vol 8, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 1-8
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